Abstract |
It is generally accepted to assume that the History of the
Ancient Word comprises the History of the Ancient East, the History
of the Ancient Greece and the History of the Ancient Rome. There
exists, however, yet another division of Ancient History and it
comprises three major periods that are both chronologically and
historically successive. These periods are: Early Antiquity (late
4th - early 3rd until the end of the 2nd mill. BC), Flourishing of
the Ancient Societies (1st mill. BC) and Decline of the Ancient
World (1st - 5th centuries AD). On the basis of the first elements
of script, social and class division, and ideology, the first
period is believed to cover the two great civilizations in
"Thracian Protohistory": Late Chalcolithic (late 5th mill. BC) and
Early Bronze Age (mid-4th - late 3rd/early 2nd mill. BC). Thracian
civilization from the Late Bronze Age, the Early Iron Age and the
Antiquity is also attributed to that period. All three
civilizations mentioned have typological similarities in the
economic and socio-political structure, as well as in their
ideological characteristics, which proved to be communities with a
social and class differentiation, Thracian society being an early
class society during the Antiquity. Irrespective of the ethnic
definitions, which will always remain debatable, the Late
Chalcolithic and the Early Bronze Age class societies in the
Thracian lands, due to typological parallels and to their earlier
successive chronology with respect to the Thracian socially
stratified community and early class society of the 2nd - 1st mill.
BC, formed a part of the History of the Thracians as protohistory,
early history, or the genesis and formation of Thracian
civilization. This is precisely the attitude to the Minoan
civilization of the 3rd mill. BC in the island of Crete, compared
to the Achaean-Greek civilization of the 2nd - 1st mill. BC. Thus,
in addition to the Thracian civilization of the 2nd - 1st mill. BC,
the Late Chalcolithic and the Early Bronze Age civilization in the
Thracian lands is also attributed to the History of the Ancient
World. In this way, the beginning of the History of the Ancient
World should be predated from the 4th to the 5th mill. BC,
according to the dating of the Late Chalcolithic civilization in
the Thracian lands, and should start with it - at least for the
History of Europe. Although Ancient Thrace maintained active
contacts with Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome - societies with
flourishing slave-owning relations - the History of the Thracians
from the second period of the History of the Ancient World fits
chronologically into it, though social relations belonged
typologically to the first period. Nevertheless, with the emergence
of the Early Hellenistic tendencies of the 5th - 4th centuries BC,
especially under the Odrysian King Kotys I - tendencies which
proved to have lasting consequences for the History of the Ancient
World - and were actively implemented by the Macedonian rulers
Philip and Alexander, Thracian society had a place of its own
during the second period of the History of the Ancient World.
During the third period of the History of the Ancient World,
especially at the time of the Late Roman Empire, the History of the
Thracians who did not have a state of their own was most intensely
manifested at the level of the communities. This was due to the
strong conservatism in the not fully developed and non-dominating
territorial/neighborhood community, private ownership and a
slave-owning system. In this way, the History of the Thracians
brought them closer to societies from the East, e.g. the Hittite
society in Asia Minor, but also to the early feudal societies in
Southeastern Europe, e.g. the Byzantine and Bulgarian societies.
Due to these historically determined circumstances, the History of
the Thracians was integrated relatively painlessly and naturally in
the transition to the new socioeconomic relations of thy emerging
medieval feudalism.
|
References |
[1]Порожанов, К. История на траките в Историята на Стария свят.
- Минало 1996, 14-26. [2]Георгиев, Вл. Траките и техният език.
София, 1977, 119-134. [3]Mihailov, G. Homère comme source
historique et les études thraces. - In: Contributions au IV-e
Congrès International de Thracologie, Rotterdam, 1984. Sofia, 1984,
12-40; Порожанов, К. Общество и държавност у траките средата на ІІ
- началото на І хил.пр.Хр. (в контекста на
палеобалкано-западномалоазийската общност). София,1998, 15-38
(=Studia Thracica, 6). [4]Soesbergen, P. van. Thracian personal,
ethnic and topographic names in Linear A and B. - Kadmos, 18, 1,
1979, 26-39. [5] Георгиев, Вл. Траките и техният език...,152-158;
Тодорова, Х. Каменно-медната епоха в България (пето хилядолетие
преди новата ера). София, 1986, 207-213. [6]Черных, Е. Н. Горное
дело и металлургия в древнейшей Болгарии. София, 1978, 358; Best,
J. G. P. The Varna Necropolis: its Historic Significance. - In:
Dritter Internationaler Thrakologischer Kongress, Wien, 1980.
Sofia,1984, Bd. 1, 150-153; Тодорова, Х. Добруджа през
праисторическата епоха. - В: История на Добруджа, т. 1. София,
1984, 45-56; Ivanov, I., M. Avramova. Varna Necropolis. The Dawn of
European Civilization. Sofia, 2000, 5-54. [7]Порожанов, К.
Държавност и цивилизация в Тракия и на траките до средата на І-во
хил.пр.Хр. - Seminarium Тhracicum, 4. Sofia, 2000, 12-13.
[8]Kазанский, Н. Н. Троянское письмо. К постановке вопроса. - В:
Античная балканистика, 5 (Предварительные материалы к
международному симпозиуму). Москва,1984, 18-19; Порожанов, К.
История на траките..., 19. [9]Гълъбов, И. Минойская надпис,
найденная в Бургасе. - Вестник Древней истории, 3, 1956, 151-157;
Kарайотов, И. Критски меден слитък от село Черково, Бургаски окръг.
- Нумизматика, 1, 1978, 13-17; Matsas, D. Samothrace and the
Northeastern Aegean: The Minoan Connection. - In: Studia Troica.
Mainz an Rhein, 1991, Bd. 1 , 159-179; Fol, Al., R. Schmidt. A
Linear A - text on a clay Reel from Drama, South-East Bulgaria?. -
Praistorische Zeitschrift, 75, 2000, 56-62; Порожанов, К.
Държавност и цивилизация ..., 16. [10]Порожанов, К. Формы
собственности в Орфической Фракии (вторая половина ІІ тыс.до н.э.).
- В: Acta Terra Antiqua Balkanica, 6, 1991, (Proceedings of the
Fifth International Congress of Thracology, Moskow, USSR, 1988).
София, 1991, 162-169. [11]Porozhanov, K. Troy's maritime league. -
In: Thracia Pontica,6.1, Sozopol, 1994. Varna, 1997, 187-196.
[12]Фол, Ал. Тракийският орфизъм. София, 1985; Същият. Тракийският
Дионис. Книга първа Загрей. София,1991; Същият. Тракийският Дионис.
Книга втора Сабазии. София, 1994; Същият. Химните на Орфей. София,
1996; Същият. Тракийският Дионис. Книга трета. Назоваване и вяра.
София, 2002; Fol, Al., K. Jordanov, K. Porozhanov, V. Fol. Ancient
Thrace. Sofia, 2000, 61-98;169-220; Попов, Д. Богът с много имена.
София, 1995. [13]Tодорова, Х. Добруджа през праисторическата
епоха..., 66; Панайотов, И. Ямната култура в българските земи.
София, 1989, 192. [14] Тодорова, Х. Каменно-медната епоха в
България..., 193-206; Фол, Ал. История на българските земи в
древността. Том 1 Родово-общинен строй и възникване на
робовладелски отношения. София, 1981, 75-78. [15] Фол, Ал.
Политическа история на траките. Края на второто хилядолетие до края
на пети век преди новата ера. София, 1972, 69-164; Фол, Ал. История
на българските земи в древността. Том 1 ...114-143. [16] Фол, Ал.
Тракия и Балканите през ранноелинистическата епоха. София, 1975,
246. [17]Porozhanov, K. Les Pélasgo-Thraces dans le context de la
communauté paléobalkano-micrasiatique (milieu du II-e millieu du
I-er mill. av.J.-C.). - In: The Thracian World at the Crossroads of
Civilizations. Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of
Thracology, Constanta-Mangalia-Tulcea, 20-26 May 1996. Bucharest,
1997, vol. I, 235-246.
|